Acoustics of baroque, classical and modern flutes

baroque flute

F6

Music Acoustics UNSW

modern B modern C classical C classical D classical flared baroque B3
D4 D#4 and Eb4 E4 F4 F#4 G4 G#4 and Ab4 A4 A#4 and Bb4 B4
C5 C#5 D5 D#5 and Eb5 E5 F5 F#5 G5 G#5 and Ab5 A5 A#5 and Bb5 B5
C6 C#6 D6 D#6 and Eb6 E6 F6 F#6 G6 no G#6 on baroque flute A6

Conventional Fingering

Impedance

Acoustic and Fingering Schematic
a covered tone hole or key pressed
an uncovered tone hole or key not pressed
a partly covered hole

Details in fingering legend.

Non-specialist introduction to acoustic impedance
Non-specialist introduction to flute acoustics


Impedance spectrum of a baroque flute measured at the embouchure hole using fingering for F6. Z is plotted in dB, i.e. 20 log(Z/Pa.s.m-3).

This fingering is a weakly cross fingered version of the A4 fingering: it resembles a little that for E6 and F6. This cross fingering brings the fourth minimum of A4 down to (near) the pitch of the F6. We are approaching the top of the range of the baroque instrument, and this relatively weak minimum is not easy to play. 'Half-holing' (covering half of the hole of) RH2 increases the depth of the minimum and thus improves the playability, but that fingering plays flat.

Sound


Sound spectrum of a baroque flute played using fingering for F6.

Sound Clip

You can hear F6 played by Matthew Ridley.

Alternative Fingering

baroque flute

Impedance


Fingering
a key depressed
a key not depressed
a part of the mechanism that is not normally touched
Details in fingering legend.

Acoustic schematic
a closed tone hole
an open tone hole

Non-specialist introduction to acoustic impedance
Non-specialist introduction to flute acoustics

Impedance spectrum of a baroque flute measured at the embouchure hole using alternative fingering for F6.

Sound


Sound spectrum of a baroque flute played using alternative fingering for F6.

Sound Clip

You can hear F6 played with alternative fingering by Matthew Ridley.


Fingering legend
How were these results obtained?
Acoustic measurements are available for these flutes -
modern B, modern C, classical C, classical D, classical flared, baroque
Sound clips are available for modern B, classical flared and baroque
To compare flutes, it is easiest to open a separate browser window for each instrument.

Copyright © Academic Press. JSV+ Joe Wolfe, John Smith, John Tann and Neville H. Fletcher, Acoustics of baroque, classical and modern flutes
Revised to include the baroque flute 2001.