Acoustics of baroque, classical and modern flutes

baroque flute

C#5

Music Acoustics UNSW

modern B modern C classical C classical D classical flared baroque B3
D4 D#4 and Eb4 E4 F4 F#4 G4 G#4 and Ab4 A4 A#4 and Bb4 B4
C5 C#5 D5 D#5 and Eb5 E5 F5 F#5 G5 G#5 and Ab5 A5 A#5 and Bb5 B5
C6 C#6 D6 D#6 and Eb6 E6 F6 F#6 G6 no G#6 on baroque flute A6

Impedance

Acoustic and Fingering Schematic
a covered tone hole or key pressed
an uncovered tone hole or key not pressed
a partly covered hole

Details in fingering legend.

Non-specialist introduction to acoustic impedance
Non-specialist introduction to flute acoustics


Impedance spectrum of a baroque flute measured at the embouchure hole using fingering for C#5. Z is plotted in dB, i.e. 20 log(Z/Pa.s.m-3).

This fingering has no noticeable cross fingering. Because of the filtering effect of the series of open tone holes, however, only the first two minima are harmonic, and so the third harmonic in the sound spectrum is weak. There is an impedance minimum to support the fourth harmonic however, and so this timbre is relatively bright. Unlike normal flutes, this fingering will not play C#6 accurately, because this minimum is already beyond the harmonic region.

Sound


Sound spectrum of a baroque flute played using fingering for C#5 with key.

Sound Clip

You can hear C#5 played by Matthew Ridley.


Fingering legend
How were these results obtained?
Acoustic measurements are available for these flutes -
modern B, modern C, classical C, classical D, classical flared, baroque
Sound clips are available for modern B, classical flared and baroque
To compare flutes, it is easiest to open a separate browser window for each instrument.

Copyright © Academic Press. JSV+ Joe Wolfe, John Smith, John Tann and Neville H. Fletcher, Acoustics of baroque, classical and modern flutes
Revised to include the baroque flute 2001.